Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Surgical resection is the primary treatment for solid tumors and is commonly followed by systemic chemotherapy to eliminate residual cancer cells and prevent metastasis. However, postoperative tissue adhesion is a frequent complication, affecting over 90% of patients after abdominal surgery. Hydrogels have emerged as effective anti-adhesion barriers owing to their biocompatibility, prolonged retention, and ability to conform to irregular wound surfaces. In this study, a novel oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion gel was developed as a multifunctional platform for simultaneous postoperative adhesion prevention and localized anticancer therapy. Two widely used chemotherapeutic agents, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DOX), were incorporated into the gel. Rheological analysis demonstrated pseudoplastic behavior, facilitating gel application and tissue coverage. Cell viability and IC₅₀ assays showed that the drug-loaded emulsion gels exhibited greater anticancer efficacy than the corresponding free drugs. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation in Sprague–Dawley rats confirmed effective inhibition of postoperative adhesion formation. These findings indicate that the developed O/W emulsion gel is a promising multifunctional platform integrating localized chemotherapy with postoperative anti-adhesion therapy for improved cancer treatment.