The incidence of foodborne illness is increasing due to climate change and dietary shifts. As these illnesses are preventable, national-level monitoring is essential. However, most prior studies in Korea focused on outbreaks involving ≥2 individuals and were not updated after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the current status of foodborne illness in Korea, following the return to pre-pandemic daily life. We used customized claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) to identify patients diagnosed with foodborne illness using ICD-10 codes (A.02.0, A04.X, A05.X, A07.X, A08.X, A09.0, T62). Pathogens were classified into four groups: bacteria, viruses, protozoa/others, and unspecified. We analyzed seasonal trends, demographics, underlying diseases, regional patterns, healthcare utilization, and complications. Among 7.75 million total cases, most were unspecified, but bacterial infections were common in adults with underlying diseases, while viral infections were concentrated in children under 5 (254,594 cases, 38.11%). Illnesses peaked in winter and summer. Most cases were treated in primary clinics, though patients with underlying conditions were more likely to visit general hospitals. No serious complications were observed. These findings highlight the seasonal and demographic patterns of foodborne illness and support continued focus on hygiene and immune health for prevention.