Liraglutide (LIRA) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with glucose-lowering and weight-reducing effects, but limited to subcutaneous injection and once-daily dosing (half-life approximately 13 h), reducing compliance. To overcome enzymatic degradation and poor gastrointestinal absorption, a nanoparticle-based oral delivery system was developed. Zein formed the core with enteric stability, Eudragit RS100 enabled sustained release, and chitosan (CS) was applied as the first surface modification to impart mucoadhesiveness. Dual modification with very low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA-VLMW) or oligo HA (OHA) promoted CD44-mediated uptake, yielding CNPH and CNPO. Optimized CS single-surface modified nanoparticles (CNP) had 164.3 nm size and 34.4 mV zeta potential, while CNPH and CNPO were 270 nm/24.4 mV and 201 nm/20.6 mV. In vitro release showed less than 10% at pH 1.2 and approximately 50% at pH 6.8, with about 20% higher enzymatic stability than free LIRA. CNPO exhibited 1.6-fold higher Caco-2 cellular uptake, reduced six-fold by CD44 blocking, confirming receptor-mediated absorption. In ex vivo rat intestine, CNPO showed 1.7-fold higher permeability. In obese/diabetic rats, 28-day dosing lowered glucose and HbA1c, suppressed weight gain, and reduced triglycerides and water intake. These findings demonstrate dual-surface modified zein nanoparticles as a promising oral delivery strategy for LIRA, potentially improving compliance and therapeutic outcomes in diabetes and obesity.